Can I make the progress bar below by using CSS only, that is, without using any images? In the second case, one can round the green corners on the left side of the div and not round them on the right side. However, is there a solution for the first and third case without resorting to an external image?
Note, that there should be a smooth transition from the bar being completely empty to being completely green.

Css Tricks has a good article showing how you would achieve this.
Example
Re: Comment

Looks pretty close to me
Notice I have changed the widths of the span elements.
LAST UPDATE
OP wanted it to look more like his example
Change the following two lines of CSS in the demo