Question

I am reading the book Java Concurrency in Practice and getting a little bit confused with these terms:

1. Pre condition
2. Post condition
3. Invariants

Can someone please explain me them (with an example, if it’s possible)?

Answer 1

You’ll have a lot of problems writing Java, especially multi-threaded code, if you can’t understand these simple ideas:

1. Pre-conditions are the things that must be true before a method is called. The method tells clients "this is what I expect from you".
2. Post-conditions are the things that must be true after the method is complete. The method tells clients "this is what I promise to do for you".
3. Invariants are the things that are always true and won’t change. The method tells clients "if this was true before you called me, I promise it’ll still be true when I’m done".

They’re all part of an idea called "programming by contract". It was invented by a guy named C.A.R. Hoare. Bertrand Meyer built an object oriented language called Eiffel around it. No one uses it much, but he had a day in the sun because of it.

Eiffel isn’t very popular. There are over four million questions on SO as I write this, but only 32 of them are tagged "eiffel".

Update: There were 11,966,392 question on SO on 29-Jun-2016. Only 92 of them were tagged "eiffel". The percentage of Eiffel questions is staying roughly constant at ~0.00077%.