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Asked: 2026-06-09T16:17:20+00:00

I have code (Python) that must perform some operations regarding distances between reflected segments

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I have code (Python) that must perform some operations regarding distances between reflected segments of a curve.

In order to make the thinking and the code clearer, I apply two rotations (using matrix multiplication) before performing the actual calculation. I suppose it would be possible to perform the calculation without any rotation at all, but the code and the thinking would be much more awkward.

What I have to ask is: are the three rotations too much of a penalty in terms of lost precision because of rounding-off floating point errors? Is there a way to estimate the magnitude of this error?

Thanks for reading

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  1. Editorial Team

    As a rule of thumb in numerical calculations — only take the first 12 digits seriously 🙂

    Now, assuming 3D rotations, and that outcomes of trig functions are infinitely precise, a matrix multiplication will involve 3 multiplications and 2 additions per element in the rotated vector. Since you do two rotations, this amounts to 6 multiplications and 4 additions per element.

    If you read this (which you should read front to back one day), or this, or this, you’ll find that individual arithmetic operations of IEEE 754 are guaranteed to be accurate to within half a ULP (=last decimal place).

    Applied to your problem, that means that the 10 operations per element in the result vector will be accurate to within 5 ULPs.

    In other words — suppose you’re rotating a unit vector. The elements of the rotated vector will be accurate to 0.000000000000005 — I’d say that’s nothing to worry about.

    Including the errors in the trig functions, well, that’s a bit more complicated…that really depends on your programming language and/or version of your compiler etc. But I guarantee it’ll be comparable to the 5 ULPs.

    If you do think this accuracy is not going to be enough, then I’d suggest you perform the two rotations in one go. Work out the matrix multiplication analytically, and implement the rotation as a single matrix multiplication. Alternatively: have a look at quaternions (although I suspect that’s a bit overkill for your situation).

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