I have some source code and other artifacts such as images that are not created in Visual Studio 2010. I want to put them into TFS 2010 version control, how can I do this?
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TFS does not care what the format of your files is; you can use TFS to store any type of file – whether it was created in Visual Studio or any other program. This is true of all TFS versions.
The comments already somewhat address how to add a file to Source Control using Source Control Explorer; Once you have a workspace mapping, copy files or folders into a mapped folder in your workspace, right-cick on the folder you added the file to in Source Contol Explorer and select the option to Add Items to Folder; This will launch a wizard that you can use to let TFS know that you want to add the selected file(s) or folder(s) to source control – it can be any file on your computer.
After the files are added, check-in yor changes by right-clicking on the file in Source Control Explorer or by using the Pending Changes window (View menu -> Other Windows -> Pending Changes). Almost every source control operation in TFS is a 2-phase commit that involves first letting TFS know what you want to do (like add or delete a file) and then actually committing that change with a check-in.
You can also perform these steps using TF.exe from the command line or the Shell Integration Feature that is installed seperately with Team Foundation Server Power Tools (TFPT). Please note that whilst you can list and view the contents of files in TFS using the Web Access user interface, you cannot check-in or check-out files using that interface. Also, you will not be able to perform any source control changes without Visual Studio or at least a free version of it, named Team Explorer.
The only qualities of files that matter to the behavior of TFS are if the file is a mergable file type or not and what the encoding of the file is; however, in most cases the default setings in TFS will be fine for you. Mergeable file types are files that TFS will enable merging for; Examples of mergable file types are text files; Non-mergeable file types are file types that you would not want to merge, like pictures or Microsoft Excel files. You can read more about Managing File Types on the Microsoft site.