Question

I know that arrays in C are just pointers to sequentially stored data. But what differences imply the difference in notation [] and *. I mean in ALL possible usage context.
For example:

char c[] = "test";

if you provide this instruction in a function body it will allocate the string on a stack while

char* c = "test";

will point to a data (readonly) segment.

Can you list all the differences between these two notations in ALL usage contexts to form a clear general view.

Answer 1

According to the C99 standard:

An array type describes a contiguously allocated nonempty set of
objects with a particular member object type, called the element
type.

36. Array types are characterized by their element type and by
    the number of elements in the array. An array type is said to be
    derived from its element type, and if its element type is T, the array
    type is sometimes called array of T. The construction of an array
    type from an element type is called array type derivation.

A pointer type may be derived from a function type, an object type, or
an incomplete type, called the referenced type. A pointer type
describes an object whose value provides a reference to an entity of
the referenced type. A pointer type derived from the referenced type T
is sometimes referred to as a pointer to T. The construction of a pointer
type from a referenced type is called pointer type derivation.

According to the standard declarations

char s[] = "abc", t[3] = "abc";
char s[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', '\0' }, t[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };

are identical. The contents of the arrays are modifiable. On the other hand, the declaration

const char *p = "abc";

defines p with the type as pointer to constant char and initializes it to point to an object with type constant array of char (in C++) with length 4 whose elements are initialized with a character string literal. If an attempt is made to use p to modify the contents of the array, the behavior is undefined.

According to 6.3.2.1 Array subscripting dereferencing and array subscripting are identical:

The definition of the subscript operator [] is that E1[E2] is
identical to (*((E1)+(E2))).

The differences of arrays and pointers are:

• pointer has no information of the memory size behind it (there is no portable way to get it)
• an array of incomplete type cannot be constructed
• a pointer type may be derived from an incomplete type
• a pointer can define a recursive structure (this one is the consequence of the previous two)

More helpful information on the subject can be found at http://www.cplusplus.com/forum/articles/9/