Lets say I’m writing Java code in Eclipse and then save it as a runnable .jar file. The code is 100% self-written, so no imports from other sources.
Does anything in the .jar file (file headers, ..) hold private data about my PC or my Eclipse version?
yep, potentially there is an auto-generate manifest file (jar:META-INF/MANIFEST.MF)
Here is default output of plugin
As you can see at least username added to the manifest file
UPDATE: if you are using maven, you may want to configure maven jar plugin