Question

And why is an export needed? Where is it exporting to?

Answer 1

Exported variables are passed on to new processes invoked.

Try setting A=1, then invoking a new shell by entering “bash”, then echo $A – an empty line.

Do the same, but then export A=1, invoke a new shell, then echo $A – voila!

edit on the technical side, and looking at your question, B=1 doesn’t actually set an environment variable. To get the real environment of your shell (in linux), try

$ xargs -n 1 -0 echo < /proc/$$/environ

which differs from the output of export. And as a sidenote, this question touches on the internals of bash and its environment handling.