Are all those markup languages programming languages?
For example XML or HTML are programming languages?
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The term “programming language” isn’t defined rigorously enough for this to have a good answer. It really depends on the context in which the term is being used. In many contexts (usually if languages like C++, D or Java are being heavily mentioned) a “programming language” has to be Turing complete. However, XML and HTML do meet a more lenient set of criteria. They have a grammar and are textual means of expressing to a computer what you want it to do. Therefore, in some contexts they could be considered declarative programming languages.