Are servlets the only way one can write web applications in Java ?
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No. Servlets are just the most convenient way to write a Web application in Java. If you think about it: what is a Web application? Quite simply it is an application that can receive an HTTP request and send back an HTTP response. Common models for achieving this are:
There are variations upon this theme (eg FastCGI for (1)). Servlets are an example of (2). The reason 99% of all Java Web applications and frameworks use servlets is because servlets are standard (they have a specification endorsed by Sun and a reference implementation) and they’re so low-level that pretty much whatever you want can be built on top of them.