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Are there any good JavaScript frameworks out there which primary audience is not web programming? Especially frameworks/libraries which improves the object orientation? The framework should be usable within an desktop application embedding a JavaScript engine (such as Spidermonkey or JavaScriptCore), so no external dependency are allowed.
Dojo can be used (and is used) in non-browser environments (e.g., Rhino, Jaxer, SpiderMonkey). It can be easily adapted for other environments too — all DOM-related functions are separated from functions dealing with global language features.
dojo.declare() (more docs) comes in the Dojo Base (as soon as you load dojo.js) and implements full-blown OOP with single- and multiple- inheritance, automatic constructor chaining, and super-calls. In fact it is the cornerstone of many Dojo facilities.
Of course there are more low-level facilities like dojo.mixin() to mix objects together and dojo.extend() to extend a prototype dynamically.
More language-related features can be found in dojox.lang. Following parts of it are thoroughly explained and documented: functional, AOP, recursion combinators.
Dojo comes with other batteries included from string-related algorithms to the date processing. If you are interested in those you can discover them yourself, or contact the Dojo community.