Question

As I understood fork() creates a child process by copying the image of the parent process.

My question is about how do child and parent processes share the stdout stream?

Can printf() function of one process be interrupted by other or not?
Which may cause the mixed output.

Or is the printf() function output atomic?

For example:

The first case:

parent: printf("Hello");

child: printf("World\n");

Console has: HeWollorld

The second case:

parent: printf("Hello");

child: printf("World\n");

Console has: HelolWorld

Answer 1

printf() is not guaranteed to be atomic. If you need atomicity, use write() with a string, preformatted using s*printf() etc., if needed. Even then, you should make the size of the data written using write() is not too big:

Write requests of {PIPE_BUF} bytes or less shall not be interleaved with data from other processes doing writes on the same pipe. Writes of greater than {PIPE_BUF} bytes may have data interleaved, on arbitrary boundaries, with writes by other processes, whether or not the O_NONBLOCK flag of the file status flags is set.