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Asked: 2026-05-31T05:23:55+00:00

Assuming the use of several built-in and user defined Z3 sorts, e.g. Int, Bool,

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Assuming the use of several built-in and user defined Z3 sorts, e.g. Int, Bool, S1, S2, …, is there a way of writing a generic sort-wrapping and -unwrapping function that kind of casts from sort A to sort B and back? For example

(declare-const a S1)
(declare-const b S2)
(declare-const c Int)

(WRAP[S1] b) ; Expression is of sort S1
(WRAP[S1] c) ; Expression is of sort S1
(WRAP[Int] (WRAP[S1] c)) ; Expression is of sort Int

I currently cover each case manually, e.g.

(declare-fun $boolToInt (Bool) Int)
(declare-fun $intToBool (Int) Bool)

(assert (forall ((x Int))
  (= x ($boolToInt($intToBool x)))))

(assert (forall ((x Bool))
  (= x ($intToBool($boolToInt x)))))

Such wrappers could be created automatically from a given set of sorts, but I would prefer a generic solution of possible.

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1 Answer

  1. Editorial Team

    You can use datatypes to encode “union types”.
    Here is an example:

    (declare-sort S1)
(declare-sort S2)

(declare-datatypes () ((S1-S2-Int (WRAP-S1 (S1-Value S1))
                                  (WRAP-S2 (S2-Value S2))
                                  (WRAP-Int (Int-Value Int)))))

(declare-const a S1)
(declare-const b S2)
(declare-const c Int)

(simplify (WRAP-S1 a))
(simplify (= (WRAP-S1 a) (WRAP-Int 10)))
(simplify (S1-Value (WRAP-S1 a)))
(simplify (is-WRAP-S2 (WRAP-S1 a)))
(simplify (is-WRAP-S1 (WRAP-S1 a)))
(simplify (is-WRAP-Int (WRAP-Int c)))
(simplify (S1-Value (WRAP-S2 b)))

    You can find more information about datatypes in the Z3 guide. The datatype S1-S2-Int has three constructors: WRAP-S1, WRAP-S2 and WRAP-Int. Z3 automatically generates the recognizer predicates: is-WRAP-S1, is-WRAP-S2 and is-WRAP-Int. The accessors S1-Value, S2-Value and Int-Value are used to “deconstruct” a S1-S2-Int value. For example, for all a, (S1-Value (WRAP-S1 a)) = a. The value of (S1-Value (WRAP-S2 b)) is underspecified. In this case, Z3 treats S1-Value as a uninterpreted function.

    BTW, the axiom 

    (assert (forall ((x Int))
  (= x ($boolToInt($intToBool x)))))

    is equivalent to false. It is essentially trying to inject the integers into the Booleans.

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