Can a process ‘foo’ write to file descriptor 3, for example, in such a way that inside a bash shell one can do
foo 1>f1 2>f2 3>f3
and if so how would you write it (in C)?
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The shell opens the file descriptors for your program before executing it. Simply use them like you would any other file descriptor, e.g.
write(3, buf, len);etc. You may want to do error checking to make sure they were actually opened (attempting todupthem then closing the duplicate would be one easy check).