Question

const std::string::size_type cols = greeting.size() + pad * 2 + 2;

Why string::size_type? int is supposed to work! it holds numbers!!!

Answer 1

A short holds numbers too. As does a signed char.

But none of those types are guaranteed to be large enough to represent the sizes of any strings.

string::size_type guarantees just that. It is a type that is big enough to represent the size of a string, no matter how big that string is.

For a simple example of why this is necessary, consider 64-bit platforms. An int is typically still 32 bit on those, but you have far more than 2^32 bytes of memory.

So if a (signed) int was used, you’d be unable to create strings larger than 2^31 characters.
size_type will be a 64-bit value on those platforms however, so it can represent larger strings without a problem.