First question:
- Is “unsigned” always the same as “unsigned int”?
- Is “signed” always the same as “int”?
- Is “short” always the same as “signed short”?
- Is …
Second question:
If a C/C++ standard specifies answers to above questions, what paragraphs are related to them?
Yes, these are guaranteed. In C++11, see §7.1.6.2[dcl.type.simple]/table 10, which lists all of the simple type specifiers (and combinations thereof) and what they mean. For example, the table includes the following:
C11 has a similar mapping in §6.7.2/2 (it’s formatted differently, but otherwise it specifies the same groups of equivalent combinations, at least for all of the types common to C and C++).