Question

foo() is NOT defined.

>>> 0 and foo()                   (1)
0                                     # trivial 

>>> 0 and foo() or 1              (2) # expecting it as 0 and (foo() or 1)
1                                     # does NOT short-circuit on 0

>>> 1 or foo()                    (3) # trivial
1

>>> 1 or foo() and 0              (4) # expecting it as 1 or (foo() and 0)
1                                     # DOES short-circuit on 1

I don’t see a consistent behavior from (2) and (4).

CASE 1

if we go by (2)’s evaluation style:

0 and foo() or 1
false or true (1)
true (1)

then I expect (4) as:

1 or foo() and 0
true and false (0)
false (0)

CASE 2

if we go by (4)’s evaluation style:

1 or foo() and 0
true or ...
true (1)

then I expect (2) as:

0 and foo() or 1
false and ...
false (0)

Answer 1

and has higher precedence than or.

(2)

0 and foo() or 1 == (0 and foo()) or 1
                 == 0 or 1  # short-circuited, foo() never evaluated
                 == 1

(4)

1 or foo() and 0 == 1 or (foo() and 0)
                 == 1       # short-circuited, foo() never evaluated