Question

From the famous book Java Concurrency in Practice chapter 3.4.1 Final fields

Just as it is a good practice to make all fields private unless they
need greater visibility[EJ Item 12] , it is a good practice to make
all fields final unless they need to be mutable.

My understanding of final references in Java : A final reference/ field just prevents the the field from getting re initialized but if it references a mutable object , we can still change its state rendering it mutable . So I am having difficulty understanding the above quote . What do you think ?

Answer 1

final fields prevent you from changing the field itself (by making it “point” to some other instance), but if the field is a reference to a mutable object, nothing will stop you from doing this:

public void someFunction (final Person p) {
    p = new Person("mickey","mouse"); //cant do this - its final
    p.setFirstName("donald");
    p.setLastName("duck");
}

the reference p above is immutable, but the actual Person pointed to by the reference is mutable.
you can, of course, make class Person an immutable class, like so:

public class Person {
    private final String firstName;
    private final String lastName;
    public Person(String firstName, String lastName) {
        this.firstName = firstName;
        this.lastName = lastName;
    }
    //getters and other methods here
}

such classes once created, cannot be modified in any way.