Question

From this question: Random number generator which gravitates numbers to any given number in range? I did some research since I’ve come across such a random number generator before. All I remember was the name “Mueller”, so I guess I found it, here:

• Box-Mueller transform

I can find numerous implementations of it in other languages, but I can’t seem to implement it correctly in C#.

This page, for instance, The Box-Muller Method for Generating Gaussian Random Numbers says that the code should look like this (this is not C#):

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>

double gaussian(void)
{
   static double v, fac;
   static int phase = 0;
   double S, Z, U1, U2, u;

   if (phase)
      Z = v * fac;
   else
   {
      do
      {
         U1 = (double)rand() / RAND_MAX;
         U2 = (double)rand() / RAND_MAX;

         u = 2. * U1 - 1.;
         v = 2. * U2 - 1.;
         S = u * u + v * v;
      } while (S >= 1);

      fac = sqrt (-2. * log(S) / S);
      Z = u * fac;
   }

   phase = 1 - phase;

   return Z;
}

Now, here’s my implementation of the above in C#. Note that the transform produces 2 numbers, hence the trick with the “phase” above. I simply discard the second value and return the first.

public static double NextGaussianDouble(this Random r)
{
    double u, v, S;

    do
    {
        u = 2.0 * r.NextDouble() - 1.0;
        v = 2.0 * r.NextDouble() - 1.0;
        S = u * u + v * v;
    }
    while (S >= 1.0);

    double fac = Math.Sqrt(-2.0 * Math.Log(S) / S);
    return u * fac;
}

My question is with the following specific scenario, where my code doesn’t return a value in the range of 0-1, and I can’t understand how the original code can either.

• u = 0.5, v = 0.1
• S becomes 0.5*0.5 + 0.1*0.1 = 0.26
• fac becomes ~3.22
• the return value is thus ~0.5 * 3.22 or ~1.6

That’s not within 0 .. 1.

What am I doing wrong/not understanding?

If I modify my code so that instead of multiplying fac with u, I multiply by S, I get a value that ranges from 0 to 1, but it has the wrong distribution (seems to have a maximum distribution around 0.7-0.8 and then tapers off in both directions.)

Answer 1

Your code is fine. Your mistake is thinking that it should return values exclusively within [0, 1]. The (standard) normal distribution is a distribution with nonzero weight on the entire real line. That is, values outside of [0, 1] are possible. In fact, values within [-1, 0] are just as likely as values within [0, 1], and moreover, the complement of [0, 1] has about 66% of the weight of the normal distribution. Therefore, 66% of the time we expect a value outside of [0, 1].

Also, I think this is not the Box-Mueller transform, but is actually the Marsaglia polar method.