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GCC supports declaring methods with the attribute warn_unused_result so that any caller who does not save the return value of the method gets a warning.
Does Java have any comparable feature?
No, Java doesn’t have such a feature.
This could be accomplished by static code analysis tools like FindBugs, based on an annotation on the method, but I don’t think such a rule exists. You could create one, though: FindBugs is free software.
FindBugs does a similar check already for specific API calls like
File.delete()(it throws a warning if the result of the method is ignored. See http://findbugs.sourceforge.net/bugDescriptions.html#RV_RETURN_VALUE_IGNORED_BAD_PRACTICE). So you could take this rule as an example.