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Graphics and audio editing and processing software often contain functions called ‘High-Pass Filter’ and ‘Low-Pass Filter’. Exactly what do these do, and what are the algorithms for implementing them?
Wikipedia:
These ‘high’, ‘low’, and ‘band’ terms refer to frequencies. In high-pass, you try to remove low frequencies. In low-pass, you try to remove high. In band pass, you only allow a continuous frequency range to remain.
Choosing the cut-off frequency depends upon your application. Coding these filters can either be done by simulating RC circuits or by playing around with Fourier transforms of your time-based data. See the wikipedia articles for code examples.