Question

here is my code:

def f(x):
    def g(n):
        if n < 10:
            x = x + 1
            g(n + 1)
    g(0)

When I evaluate f(0), there would be an error “x referenced before assignment”.

However, when I use “print x” instead of “x = x + 1” , it will work.

It seems that in the scope of g, I can only use x as an “use occurrence” but not a “binding occurrence”. I guess the problem is that f passes to g only the VALUE of x.

Am I understanding it correctly or not? If not, can someone explain why the left side of “x = x + 1” is not defined before reference?

Thanks

Answer 1

You are understanding it correctly. You cannot use x to assign to in a nested scope in Python 2.

In Python 3, you can still use it as a binding occurrence by marking the variable as nonlocal; this is a keyword introduced for just this usecase:

def f(x):
    def g(n):
        nonlocal x
        if n < 10:
            x = x + 1
            g(n + 1)
    g(0)

In python 2, you have a few work-arounds; using a mutable to avoid needing to bind it, or (ab)using a function property:

def f(x):
    x = [x]   # lists are mutable
    def g(n):
        if n < 10:
            x[0] = x[0] + 1   # not assigning, but mutating (x.__setitem__(0, newvalue))
            g(n + 1)
    g(0)

or

def f(x):
    def g(n):
        if n < 10:
            g.x = g.x + 1
            g(n + 1)
    g.x = x  # attribute on the function!
    g(0)