Question

How are clustered indexes stored on a hard disk? What is the logical order?

How do non-clustered indexes work?

Answer 1

This means that the data in the table are stored in a B-Tree according to the order of the CLUSTERED PRIMARY KEY (or the clustering columns).

This name is in my opinion a little bit confusing. The same concept in Oracle is called index-organized table which I find much more descriptive.

Non-clustered indexes contain the value of the indexed columns along with the pointer to the record they are originated from.

The "clustered index" is the table itself; the "non-clustered" index is an ordered copy of some of the table’s columns.

If you "create" a clustered index, the table is rearranged. That’s why you cannot have more than one "clustered index" on a table: the table cannot be arranged in more than one order.

If you create a secondary index, the shadow copy of the table is created, holding the values of the indexed columns and the pointers to the records they are from. Whenever the table changes, the copy is changed too (the engine takes care of that automatically).

Non-clustered table

id   col1   value
--   --     --
1    1      Data 1
6    1      Data 6
3    1      Data 3
7    2      Data 7
9    2      Data 9
5    2      Data 5

The table is not ordered.

Clustered table

id   col1   value
--   --     --
1    1      Data 1
3    1      Data 3
5    2      Data 5
6    1      Data 6
7    2      Data 7
9    2      Data 9

The table is ordered on id.

Clustered table with a secondary index

Table                      Index
id   col1   value          col1   id
--   --     --             --     --
1    1      Data 1         1      1
3    1      Data 3         1      3
5    2      Data 5         1      6
6    1      Data 6         2      5
7    2      Data 7         2      7
9    2      Data 9         2      9

The table is orderer on id, the index is ordered on (col1, id)