Question

I added in parent::__construct(); to the constructors of table and bookmark in order to get this code to work. Why are they not called automatically?

If I create an object of type bookmark $obj_ref_bo = new bookmark(); should not bookmark also create objects from each of its parent classes (besides abstract classes).

The call chain is

bookmark->table->database(abstract)->single_connect

    /*single_connect*/

class single_connect
  {
  protected static $_db_pointer = NULL;
  private function __construct()
    {
    $this->_db_pointer = mysql_connect(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASS);
    mysql_select_db(DB_DATABASE);
    }
  public static function get_connection()
    {
    if(self::$_db_pointer == NULL)
      {
      return new self();
      } 
    else
      {
      echo "Error:only one connection";
      }
    }
  }

/*database*/

abstract class database
  {
  protected function __construct()
    {
    single_connect::get_connection();
    }
  static protected function query($query)
    {
    $result = mysql_query($query) or die(mysql_error());
    return $result;
    }
  }

/*table*/

class table extends database
  {
  public $_protected_arr=array();
  protected function __construct()
    {
    parent::__construct();
    $this->protect();
    }
  protected function protect()
    {
    foreach($_POST as $key => $value)
      {
      $this->_protected_arr[$key] = mysql_real_escape_string($value);
      }
    }
  }

/*bookmark*/

class bookmark extends table 
  {
  function __construct()
    {
    parent::__construct();
    $this->start();
    }   
  function start()
    {
    if(this->test())
      {
      this->insert();
      }
    else
      {
      return 1;
      }
    }
  function test()
    {
    if(this->test_empty())
      {
      return 1;
      }
    else
      {
      return 0;
      }
    }
  function test_empty()
    {
    if(text::test_empty($this->_protected_arr)) 
      {
      return 1;
      }
    else
      {
      return 0;
      }
    }
  function insert()
    {
    $url =  $this->_protected_arr['url'];
    $title =  $this->_protected_arr['title'];
    $email = $_SESSION['email'];
    database::query("INSERT INTO bo VALUES ('$title', '$url', '$email')");
    }
  }

Answer 1

should not bookmark also create objects from each of its parent classes

That’s entirely your choice to make, there is no requirement in the language to call the parent methods.

As the PHP manual concisely puts it:

Note: Parent constructors are not called implicitly if the child class defines a constructor. In order to run a parent constructor, a call to parent::__construct() within the child constructor is required.

— http://php.net/oop5.decon