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I am a git novice trying to sort through the concepts and terms. The git glossary says a tree is equivalent to a directory and a directory is what you get with ls. Are they interchangeable terms? Or are “tree” and “directory” to be used in different contexts or to refer to separate (though related) things?
The short answer: yes, a tree is a directory and a directory is a tree.
The long answer: A tree is an object that contains a list of blobs, the names to attach to the blobs, and other trees and the names to attach to them. http://book.git-scm.com/1_the_git_object_model.html has a pretty good explanation of the different object types in the git model; I would suggest reading it!