I am doing a project for which I need to compile a source code. The code uses the PBC library (which in turn needs the GMP, both of which have been installed). The Makefile has this line :
node: node.o $(COMMON_OBJS)
g++ -m32 -g -static -o $@ $^ -L../PBC -lPBC -lpthread -lgnutls -lpbc -lgmp -lgcrypt -lgpg-error -ltasn1 -lz
But when I run make, I get this error :
/usr/bin/ld : cannot find -lgpg-error
Now this is quite frustrating as I don’t know how to fix it. I tried installing libgcrypt11-div (saw a suggestion on some site). Didn’t work.
I noticed that libgpg-error.so is installed in /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/. So I created link with ln -s in /usr/bin/. Still not working.
After adding the -v switch :
g++ -m32 -g -static -o node node.o application.o networkmessage.o usermessage.o buddy.o buddyset.o systemparam.o bipolynomial.o polynomial.o lagrange.o commitment.o commitmentmatrix.o commitmentvector.o io.o timer.o message.o -L../PBC -lPBC -lpthread -lgnutls -lpbc -lgmp -lgcrypt -lgpg-error -ltasn1 -lz -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=g++
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/lto-wrapper
Target: i686-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.1-9ubuntu3' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.6/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++,go --prefix=/usr --program-suffix=-4.6 --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --with-system-zlib --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.6 --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-plugin --enable-objc-gc --enable-targets=all --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=i686-linux-gnu --host=i686-linux-gnu --target=i686-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.6.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.1-9ubuntu3)
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../i386-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../../lib/:/lib/i386-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-m32' '-g' '-static' '-o' 'node' '-L../PBC' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=i686'
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/collect2 --build-id --no-add-needed --as-needed -m elf_i386 --hash-style=gnu -static -z relro -o node /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/crtbeginT.o -L../PBC -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1 -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../i386-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../../lib -L/lib/i386-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../.. node.o application.o networkmessage.o usermessage.o buddy.o buddyset.o systemparam.o bipolynomial.o polynomial.o lagrange.o commitment.o commitmentmatrix.o commitmentvector.o io.o timer.o message.o -lPBC -lpthread -lgnutls -lpbc -lgmp -lgcrypt -lgpg-error -ltasn1 -lz -lstdc++ -lm --start-group -lgcc -lgcc_eh -lc --end-group /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6.1/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crtn.o
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lgpg-error
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [node] Error 1
Try removing the
-staticswitch.If you want to -static you need to wrap it around libraries that you want to be static and let the other libraries remain dynamic, otherwise gcc/g++ will try and go down into every library and compile everything statically which may not be possible.
See this SO post, Static link of shared library function in gcc.
For example to compile applejuice statically while everything else remaining dynamic: