I am trying to simulate a simple MIPS processor on an FPGA using Verilog. Here is my code:
module MIPS_Processor(output reg[7:0] LEDs, input[7:0] Switches);
reg [31:0] memory[0:4095]; // 4K memory cells that are 32 bits wide
reg [31:0] code[0:1023]; // 1K memory cells that are 32 bits wide
reg [31:0] registers[0:31]; // 32 registers that are 32 bits wide
reg [31:0] PC; // The program counter
reg [31:0] instruction;
reg [5 :0] op;
reg [4 :0] rs;
reg [4 :0] rt;
reg [4 :0] rd;
reg [4 :0] shamt;
reg [5 :0] funct;
reg signed [15:0] immediate_offset;
reg [25:0] target;
reg [1:0] instruction_type; // 00 --> R | 01 --> I | 10 --> J | 11 --> EXTRA
reg [31:0] rs_value;
reg [31:0] rt_value;
reg [31:0] rd_value;
initial
begin
PC = 0;
/* Here we insert the code in the code array */
code[0] = 32'b00010010000000000000000000000000; // start : input s0 # read switches.
code[1] = 32'b00010010000000000000000000000001; // output s0 # write leds.
code[2] = 32'b00001000000000000000000000000000; // j start
code[3] = 32'b00000100000000000000000000000000; // END OF CODE
end
always
begin : loop_block
// 1. Fetch an instruction from memory
instruction = code[PC];
// 2. Increment the program counter register (by the instruction length)
PC = PC + 1;
// 3. Decode the instruction
/*
The instructions are:
6 5 5 5 5 6
_____________________________
or rd, rs, rt | 0 | rs | rt | rd | 0 | 0x25 |
6 5 5 16
_____________________________
ori rt, rs, immediate | 0xd | rs | rt | immediate |
6 5 5 5 5 6
_____________________________
and rd, rs, rt | 0 | rs | rt | rd | 0 | 0x24 |
6 5 5 16
_____________________________
andi rt, rs, immediate | 0xc | rs | rt | immediate |
6 5 5 16
_____________________________
beq rs, rt, offset | 4 | rs | rt | offset |
6 5 5 5 5 6
_____________________________
sub rd, rs, rt | 0 | rs | rt | rd | 0 | 0x22 |
6 5 5 5 5 6
_____________________________
add rd, rs, rt | 0 | rs | rt | rd | 0 | 0x20 |
6 5 5 16
_____________________________
addi rt, rs, immediate | 8 | rs | rt | immediate |
6 26
_____________________________
j target | 2 | target |
6 5 5 5 5 6
_____________________________
slt rd, rs, rt | 0 | rs | rt | rd | 0 | 0x2a |
6 5 5 16
_____________________________
lw rt, rs[offset] | 0x23 | rs | rt | offset |
6 5 5 16
_____________________________
sw rt, rs[offset] | 0x2b | rs | rt | offset |
::EXTRA INSTRUCTIONS::
6 5 21
_____________________________
input rs | 4 | rs | 0 |
6 5 21
_____________________________
output rs | 4 | rs | 1 |
*/
op[5:0] = instruction[31:26];
case(op)
0: /* R-type */
begin
rs = instruction[25:21];
rt = instruction[20:16];
rd = instruction[15:11];
shamt = instruction[10:6];
funct = instruction[5:0];
instruction_type = 2'b00;
end
1: /* END OF CODE */
begin
disable loop_block;
end
2: /* J-type */
begin
target = instruction[25:0];
instruction_type = 2'b10;
end
4: /* EXTRA */
begin
rs = instruction[25:21];
funct = instruction[20:0];
instruction_type = 2'b11;
end
default: /* I-type */
begin
rs = instruction[25:21];
rt = instruction[20:16];
immediate_offset = instruction[15:0];
instruction_type = 2'b01;
end
endcase
// 4. Fetch operands, if any, usually from registers
case(instruction_type)
2'b00: /* R-type */
begin
rs_value = registers[rs];
rt_value = registers[rt];
end
2'b01: /* I-type */
begin
rs_value = registers[rs];
end
2'b11: /* EXTRA */
begin
if(funct == 1) rs_value = registers[rs];
end
endcase
// 5. Perform the operation
case(instruction_type)
2'b00: /* R-type */
begin
case(funct)
2'h20: /* add rd, rs, rt */
begin
rd_value = rs_value + rt_value;
end
2'h22: /* sub rd, rs, rt */
begin
rd_value = rs_value - rt_value;
end
2'h24: /* and rd, rs, rt */
begin
rd_value = rs_value & rt_value;
end
2'h25: /* or rd, rs, rt */
begin
rd_value = rs_value | rt_value;
end
2'h2a: /* slt rd, rs, rt */
begin
rd_value = rs_value < rt_value? 1 : 0;
end
endcase
end
2'b01: /* I-type */
begin
case(op)
4: /* beq rs, rt, offset */
begin
if(rs_value < rt_value) PC = immediate_offset;
end
8: /* addi rt, rs, immediate */
begin
rt_value = rs_value + immediate_offset;
end
1'hc: /* andi rt, rs, immediate */
begin
rt_value = rs_value & immediate_offset;
end
1'hd: /* ori rt, rs, immediate */
begin
rt_value = rs_value | immediate_offset;
end
2'h23: /* lw rt, rs[offset] */
begin
rt_value = memory[rs + immediate_offset];
end
2'h2b: /* sw rt, rs[offset] */
begin
memory[rs + immediate_offset] = rt_value;
end
endcase
end
2'b10: /* J-type */
begin
case(op)
2: /* j target */
begin
PC = target;
end
endcase
end
2'b11: /* EXTRA */
begin
case(funct)
0: /* input rs */
begin
rs_value[7:0] = Switches;
end
1: /* output rs */
begin
LEDs = rs_value[7:0];
end
endcase
if(funct == 1) rs_value = registers[rs];
end
endcase
// 6. Store the results
case(instruction_type)
2'b00: /* R-type */
begin
registers[rd] = rd_value;
end
2'b01: /* I-type */
begin
case(op)
8: /* addi rt, rs, immediate */
begin
registers[rt] = rt_value;
end
1'hc: /* andi rt, rs, immediate */
begin
registers[rt] = rt_value;
end
1'hd: /* ori rt, rs, immediate */
begin
registers[rt] = rt_value;
end
2'h23: /* lw rt, rs[offset] */
begin
registers[rt] = rt_value;
end
endcase
end
2'b11: /* EXTRA */
begin
if(funct == 0) registers[rs] = rs_value;
end
endcase
#100; /* Delay */
end
endmodule
I have attched output reg[7:0] LEDs to 8 LEDs on the FPGA device, and input[7:0] Switches on 8 switches of the FPGA. The code is compiled without any error. But unfortunately, it doesn’t work. The LEDs should show the states of the switches, but they are always turned off.
However, when I tried hardcode the LEDs states like LEDs[7:0] = 8'b11111111; inside the initial block, the LEDs stays turned on all the time. While when I placed LEDs[7:0] = 8'b11111111; inside the always block, the LEDs stays turned off all the time. It seems that the FPGA does not execute the code inside always block, what is wrong? Am I implementing the design in a wrong way?
You may be able to simulate this code with a Verilog simulator but you will not be able to synthesize this code and load it onto an FPGA. As the comments say, synthesizable Verilog code for FPGAs would have a clock. It should have constructs that look like this