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Asked: 2026-05-25T02:46:10+00:00

I am working on my first large python project. I have one function which

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I am working on my first large python project. I have one function which has the following code in it:

            # EXPAND THE EXPECTED VALUE TO APPLY TO ALL STATES,
            # THEN UPDATE fullFnMat
            EV_subset_expand = np.kron(EV_subset, np.ones((nrows, 1)))
            fullFnMat[key] = staticMat[key] + EV_subset_expand

In my code profiler, it seems like this kronecker product is actually taking up a huge amount of time.

Function                                                                                        was called by...
                                                                                                    ncalls  tottime  cumtime
/home/stevejb/myhg/dpsolve/ootest/tests/ddw2011/profile_dir/BellmanEquation.py:17(bellmanFn)    <-      19   37.681   38.768  /home/stevejb/myhg/dpsolve/ootest/tests/ddw2011/profile_dir/dpclient.py:467(solveTheModel)
{numpy.core.multiarray.concatenate}                                                             <-     342   27.319   27.319  /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/numpy/lib/shape_base.py:665(kron)
/home/stevejb/myhg/dpsolve/ootest/tests/ddw2011/profile_dir/dpclient.py:467(solveTheModel)      <-       1   11.041   91.781  <string>:1(<module>)
{method 'argsort' of 'numpy.ndarray' objects}                                                   <-      19    7.692    7.692  /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py:597(argsort)
/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/numpy/core/numeric.py:789(outer)                                   <-     171    2.526    2.527  /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/numpy/lib/shape_base.py:665(kron)
{method 'max' of 'numpy.ndarray' objects}                                                       <-     209    2.034    2.034  /home/stevejb/myhg/dpsolve/ootest/tests/ddw2011/profile_dir/dpclient.py:391(getValPolMatrices)

Is there a way to get faster kronecker products in Numpy? It seems like it shouldn’t take as long as it is.

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1 Answer

  1. Editorial Team

    You can certainly take a look at the source for np.kron. It can be found in numpy/lib/shape_base.py, and you can see if there are improvements that can be made or simplifications that might make it more efficient. Alternatively you could write your own using Cython or some other binding to a low level language to try to eek out better performance.

    Or as @matt suggested something like the following might be natively faster:

    import numpy as np
nrows = 10
a = np.arange(100).reshape(10,10)
b = np.tile(a,nrows).reshape(nrows*a.shape[0],-1) # equiv to np.kron(a,np.ones((nrows,1)))

    or:

    b = np.repeat(a,nrows*np.ones(a.shape[0],np.int),axis=0)

    Timings:

    In [80]: %timeit np.tile(a,nrows).reshape(nrows*a.shape[0],-1)
10000 loops, best of 3: 25.5 us per loop

In [81]: %timeit np.kron(a,np.ones((nrows,1)))
10000 loops, best of 3: 117 us per loop

In [91]: %timeit np.repeat(a,nrows*np.ones(a.shape[0],np.int),0)
100000 loops, best of 3: 12.8 us per loop

    Using np.repeat for the sized arrays in the above example gives a pretty nice 10x speed-up, which isn’t too shabby.

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