Question

I asked a similar question yesterday, but have acquired a really odd problem since then. With this directory structure:

app/
    models/
        __init__.py
        user.py
        other.py
    pages/
        __init__.py
        pages.py

The models/__init__.py file has this line:

__all__ = ['user', 'other']

and the pages/__init__.py has

__all__ = ['pages']

In pages.py, in order to use any of the classes in user.py or other.py, I have to have

from models import *
import models

at the top, and then I can declare a User class like this:

my_user = models.user.User()

If I exclude either of the import-ing statements at the top, I get errors like

"Class user has no attribute User"

Any help would be appreciated. I love Python, but I wish it’s import functionality worked more like PHP’s.

Answer 1

There are two options, depending on where you want to be explicit and how much you want available “by default” (which also means forced).

In those __init__ files you could use:

# models/__init__.py shown:
import user, other                 # ambiguous relative import
from . import user, other          # relative import
from app.models import user, other # absolute import

Or, where you would otherwise just have import models, use:

from models import user, other
# or:
import models.user, models.other

The latter form is more widely preferred.