Question

I don’t understand why

struct e{
    void * a;
    void * b[];
}

has sizeof(e) == 4 while

struct f{
    void * a;
    void * b;
}

has sizeof(f) == 8.

Answer 1

The second in the first struct is not a pointer, but a FAM – flexible array member. It is used when you have a long buffer and place an e at the start of that buffer. You can then index the remaining memory that follow the e object using that FAM and treat that memory as an array of void*.

The Standard says (emphasis by me)

As a special case, the last element of a structure with more than one named member may
have an incomplete array type; this is called a flexible array member. In most situations,
the flexible array member is ignored. In particular, the size of the structure is as if the
flexible array member were omitted except that it may have more trailing padding than
the omission would imply.

For example, the following code outputs 1 for the struct without, but 4 for the struct with the FAM on GCC, because to access integers the FAM need to be properly aligned (on a 4 byte boundary in this example)

struct A {
  char a;
};

struct B {
  char a;
  int flex[];
};

int main() {
  printf("sizeof A: %d\nsizeof B: %d\n", 
         (int)sizeof(struct A),
         (int)sizeof(struct B)
    );

  struct B *b = malloc(sizeof *b + sizeof(int[3]));
  b->a = 'X';
  b->flex[0] = 1;
  b->flex[1] = 2;
  b->flex[2] = 3;
  free(b);
}