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I found this question here but no answer yet:
If an index is heavily fragmented (over 50 percent) will the alter index reorganize reduce the level of the fragmentation?
Yes it will – but only to a certain degree. Index reorg only shuffles around leaf-level pages of your index and will try to compact those – but it doesn’t completely rebuild the index structure. So it can remove some fragmentation – but only on a limited scale.
That’s why as a rule of thumb, for fragmentation greater than about 30% (or you might want to pick a different threshold, like 25%, depending on your situtation), you should rebuild the index – not just reindex. Rebuild also updates the statistics which are vital for good query plans.