Question

I have 3 header files in the project: Form1.h – this is header with implementation there, TaskModel.h with TaskModel.cpp, TaskController.h with TaskController.cpp.

There are content of files:

//-----
TaskController.h

#pragma once
#include "TaskModel.h"
..........



//----
Form1.h
#pragma once
#include "TaskModel.h"
#include "TaskController.h"
.........

The problem:

How to make Form1.h to be included to TaskModel.h. When I directly include, Form1.h to TaskModel.h then there are many errors. If to use forward declaration, how to organaize that ?

Answer 1

You can forward declare classes not header files.

The problem with cyclic dependencies is usually a mark of bad design. Do you want TaskModel.h to include Form1.h? Why is that? Can it be avoided? Couldn’t you just include Form1.h into TaskModel.cpp?

For forward declaration do:

// in TaskModel.h

class Form1; // or other classes that are using in TaskModel.h

//... task model code

// in TaskModel.cpp

#include "Form1.h"

Basically what you are doing here is declaring that such classes exist. Then in the cpp file you include them.

Mind however that this has some limitations:

• you can only use the forward declared classes for simple tasks
• you cannot pass them to methods per value, you cannot make them members of classes

As a rule of thumb, if the forwarded classes size is needed to compile the given piece of code, you cannot use a forward.