Question

I have an ArrayList that I want to output completely as a String. Essentially I want to output it in order using the toString of each element separated by tabs. Is there any fast way to do this? You could loop through it (or remove each element) and concatenate it to a String but I think this will be very slow.

Answer 1

Java 8 introduces a String.join(separator, list) method; see Vitalii Federenko’s answer.

Before Java 8, using a loop to iterate over the ArrayList was the only option:

DO NOT use this code, continue reading to the bottom of this answer to see why it is not desirable, and which code should be used instead:

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); list.add("one"); list.add("two"); list.add("three");  String listString = "";  for (String s : list) {     listString += s + "\t"; }  System.out.println(listString); 

In fact, a string concatenation is going to be just fine, as the javac compiler will optimize the string concatenation as a series of append operations on a StringBuilder anyway. Here’s a part of the disassembly of the bytecode from the for loop from the above program:

   61:  new #13; //class java/lang/StringBuilder    64:  dup    65:  invokespecial   #14; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V    68:  aload_2    69:  invokevirtual   #15; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;    72:  aload   4    74:  invokevirtual   #15; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;    77:  ldc #16; //String \t    79:  invokevirtual   #15; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;    82:  invokevirtual   #17; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String; 

As can be seen, the compiler optimizes that loop by using a StringBuilder, so performance shouldn’t be a big concern.

(OK, on second glance, the StringBuilder is being instantiated on each iteration of the loop, so it may not be the most efficient bytecode. Instantiating and using an explicit StringBuilder would probably yield better performance.)

In fact, I think that having any sort of output (be it to disk or to the screen) will be at least an order of a magnitude slower than having to worry about the performance of string concatenations.

Edit: As pointed out in the comments, the above compiler optimization is indeed creating a new instance of StringBuilder on each iteration. (Which I have noted previously.)

The most optimized technique to use will be the response by Paul Tomblin, as it only instantiates a single StringBuilder object outside of the for loop.

Rewriting to the above code to:

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); list.add("one"); list.add("two"); list.add("three");  StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (String s : list) {     sb.append(s);     sb.append("\t"); }  System.out.println(sb.toString()); 

Will only instantiate the StringBuilder once outside of the loop, and only make the two calls to the append method inside the loop, as evidenced in this bytecode (which shows the instantiation of StringBuilder and the loop):

   // Instantiation of the StringBuilder outside loop:    33:  new #8; //class java/lang/StringBuilder    36:  dup    37:  invokespecial   #9; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V    40:  astore_2     // [snip a few lines for initializing the loop]    // Loading the StringBuilder inside the loop, then append:    66:  aload_2    67:  aload   4    69:  invokevirtual   #14; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;    72:  pop    73:  aload_2    74:  ldc #15; //String \t    76:  invokevirtual   #14; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;    79:  pop 

So, indeed the hand optimization should be better performing, as the inside of the for loop is shorter and there is no need to instantiate a StringBuilder on each iteration.