I have defined different states in my lexer, which change not depending on the token but on a sequence of tokens (similarly to how template engines work). I can define longer tokens but I somehow like this approach better.
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You can stick a function in the third section of the .l file that uses the BEGIN macro, and then call that function from your bison action (or anywhere else for that matter). You need to be careful of the fact that bison may read ahead a token before reducing a rule (running its action), so getting the right state set at the right instant can be tricky.