I have given a text file in my home directory the permissions 644. Another user logged into the same machine cannot read or copy my file. Why is this?
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probably because the group lacks (read and) execute permissions on the parent directory/directories.
E.g.
/tmp/secret/publicfile will not be accessible to group members.
There are also POSIX ACLs and or xattrs (extended attributes) that might be interfering. Besides that only AppArmor, SELinux policies come to mind.
Oh and group membership becomes active on the next login (so if users were recently added to the particular group, they might just need to relogin)