Question

I have this code, but it is not a practical example.

Ex.

class Animal
{
   int i;
   int& ref;
   public:
   Animal() : ref(i)
   {
   }
};

Can anyone provide a real life example where ref is required as a class member so that I can understand it better?

Answer 1

Any time that multiple objects of some class A all need to refer to a single shared instance of the same or some other class; for example, several People can all have the same mother and/or father:

class Person {
    private:
      Person &mother_;
      Person &father_;

    public:
      Person(Person &mother, Person &father) : mother_(mother), father_(father) {}
      // ...
}