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Editorial Team
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Asked: 2026-05-13T13:00:41+00:00

I have written simple first stage bootloader which displays Hello world using interrupt to

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I have written simple first stage bootloader which displays “Hello world” using interrupt to bios. Now as a next obvious step to write a second stage, but where code for that should exist and how to load it from first stage ?

Here is a program for first stage

[BITS 16]   ;Tells the assembler that its a 16 bit code
[ORG 0x7C00]    ;Origin, tell the assembler that where the code will
                ;be in memory after it is been loaded

MOV SI, HelloString ;Store string pointer to SI
CALL PrintString    ;Call print string procedure
JMP $       ;Infinite loop, hang it here.


PrintCharacter: ;Procedure to print character on screen
    ;Assume that ASCII value is in register AL
MOV AH, 0x0E    ;Tell BIOS that we need to print one charater on screen.
MOV BH, 0x00    ;Page no.
MOV BL, 0x07    ;Text attribute 0x07 is lightgrey font on black background

INT 0x10    ;Call video interrupt
RET     ;Return to calling procedure



PrintString:    ;Procedure to print string on screen
    ;Assume that string starting pointer is in register SI

next_character: ;Lable to fetch next character from string
MOV AL, [SI]    ;Get a byte from string and store in AL register
INC SI      ;Increment SI pointer
OR AL, AL   ;Check if value in AL is zero (end of string)
JZ exit_function ;If end then return
CALL PrintCharacter ;Else print the character which is in AL register
JMP next_character  ;Fetch next character from string
exit_function:  ;End label
RET     ;Return from procedure


;Data
HelloString db 'Hello World', 0 ;HelloWorld string ending with 0

TIMES 510 - ($ - $$) db 0   ;Fill the rest of sector with 0
DW 0xAA55           ;Add boot signature at the end of bootloader
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1 Answer

  1. Editorial Team

    On x86 you would do the following (simplified):

    • Have the bootloader load the n-th sector of the disk/floppy (wherever you’re booting from) into memory and execute it (i.e. load segment/offset and do retf). A better alternative is to search the filesystem for a certain filename (e.g. KERNEL.BIN) — but you’d need to know the file system type (e.g. FAT12 if you’re testing from a floppy image).
    • The kernel would then start in real mode. It sets up code descriptors, GDT, and so on, activates 32-bit addressing (you should have heard of “A20”) and finally enters protected mode. Then you need a far jump to a 32-bit code segment (kernel file must be linked together in a way that the 32-bit code is at an absolute position, e.g. at offset 512, right after the 16-bit real mode stuff).
    • The 32-bit kernel assembly, then, just defines EXTERN _mykernel (for example) and calls that symbol.
    • Then you can begin writing your kernel as C function mykernel.

    Okay that was a short overview of what I did a few years ago (with lots of copy&paste from the Internet ;). If that isn’t helpful, here are some good web resources on OS development:

    Hope that helps ^^

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