I just had a problem with artifacts at a JPanel which contains transparent parts.
My JPanel overrides the paintComponent() method:
protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
drawMyAplhaImage(g2d);
}

As you can see, the Image drawn on the JPanel is a bit smaller than the JPanel itself.
The solution is to redraw the Parent component.
To save ressources I just repaint the area of the JPanel.
The new paintComponent() method: