I placed a button in the header of a page and it renders half the height. As well, there is a width gap to the right.
I have used fairly simple jQueryMobel syntax.
URL: http://sandapps.com/Data/Mobile_Energy_Oil_Gas_Pertroleum_Coal_Solar_Wind.aspx
On an iPhone 4S:

You should be able to create buttons without text using the jQuery Mobile framework and without hacking the framework’s CSS. I do often and I haven’t had them display like yours. For icons without text I believe you are supposed to declare:
data-iconpos="notext"as an attribute for the anchor tag:Source: http://jquerymobile.com/test/docs/buttons/buttons-icons.html
Here is a demo using the same
<a>code as above: http://jsfiddle.net/3njz7/Also note that you can have text in your anchor tag if you set the
data-iconposattribute tonotext.