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Editorial Team
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Asked: 2026-06-03T12:33:11+00:00

I tried to run the following code, which is inside of a Bash-script. NUMBER=600

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I tried to run the following code, which is inside of a Bash-script.

NUMBER=600
LOSS_RATE=0,3
TOT_PKT=100

test=$(python -c "from math import ceil; print ceil($NUMBER * 500.0)")
test2=$(python -c "from math import ceil; print ceil($NUMBER * $LOSS_RATE)")
echo $test
echo $test2

I get the following printed out:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: ceil() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
300000.0

The first Python-command is executed, but the second causes the given TypeError. How do I do to resolve this?

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1 Answer

  1. Editorial Team

    Python uses . as the decimal point since , is the argument separator. So if you use LOSS_RATE=0.3 everything should work fine:

    > NUMBER=600
> LOSS_RATE=0.3
> python -c "from math import ceil; print ceil($NUMBER * $LOSS_RATE)"
180.0

    The problem lies in the shell script. echo instead of python -c the code and you’ll see it:

    > echo "from math import ceil; print ceil($NUMBER * $LOSS_RATE)"
from math import ceil; print ceil(600 * )

    You never define LOSS_RATE. However, this results in a SyntaxError. Since you get a different error it sounds like LOSS_RATE is set to something containing a comma.

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