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I want to know if our data is encrypted with one encryption algorithm(AES, DES, etc.) and then we transfer our data in open network, can anyone get real data or do some thing if the encryption algorithm is known even though the hacker doesn’t know about the private keys, public key or PV?
If the attacker knows the encryption algorithm, it’s a start, because now all they need to do is to find out what was the key used to encrypt it. But established encryption algorithms like AES have no known weaknesses. Thus an attacker would be forced to bruteforce it to gain access to the data.
If you are using keys of an appropriate size (eg: AES 256 bits or more), this would be a very difficult task. DES also has no known weaknesses, but its small key size (56 bits) allows for a bruteforce attack to succeed in a reasonable timeframe, (eg: days). That’s why DES is not widely used any more.
Note that public keys are only relevant in the context of asymmetrical encryption. In this case, the public key is usually publicly available (hence, the name “public key”). But asymmetric encryption is designed so that even if you know the public key, you can’t decrypt it unless you have the private key.
In summary, encryption algorithms like AES have stood the test a time and proven to be secure enough. As David Schwartz points out in his answer, if you have a problem, (usually) your implementation is the thing to blame, not the encryption algorithm.