Question

I’d like to programmatically create diagrams like this

_{(source: yaroslavvb.com)}

I imagine I should use GraphPlot with VertexCoordinateRules, VertexRenderingFunction and EdgeRenderingFunction for the graphs. What should I use for colored beveled backgrounds?

Edit
Using mainly Simon’s ideas, here’s a simplified “less robust” version I ended up using

Needs["GraphUtilities`"];
GraphPlotHighlight[edges_, verts_, color_] := Module[{},
  vpos = Position[VertexList[edges], Alternatives @@ verts];
  coords = Extract[GraphCoordinates[edges], vpos];
  (* add .002 because end-cap disappears when segments are almost colinear *)  
  AppendTo[coords, First[coords] + .002];
  Show[Graphics[{color, CapForm["Round"], JoinForm["Round"], 
     Thickness[.2], Line[coords], Polygon[coords]}],
   GraphPlot[edges], ImageSize -> 150]
  ]

SetOptions[GraphPlot, 
  VertexRenderingFunction -> ({White, EdgeForm[Black], Disk[#, .15], 
      Black, Text[#2, #1]} &), 
  EdgeRenderingFunction -> ({Black, Line[#]} &)];
edges = GraphData[{"Grid", {3, 3}}, "EdgeRules"];
colors = {LightBlue, LightGreen, LightRed, LightMagenta};
vsets = {{8, 5, 2}, {7, 5, 8}, {9, 6, 3}, {8, 1, 2}};
MapThread[GraphPlotHighlight[edges, #1, #2] &, {vsets, colors}]

_{(source: yaroslavvb.com)}

Answer 1

Generalising Samsdram’s answer a bit, I get

GraphPlotHighlight[edges:{((_->_)|{_->_,_})..},hl:{___}:{},opts:OptionsPattern[]]:=Module[{verts,coords,g,sub},
  verts=Flatten[edges/.Rule->List]//.{a___,b_,c___,b_,d___}:>{a,b,c,d};
  g=GraphPlot[edges,FilterRules[{opts}, Options[GraphPlot]]];
  coords=VertexCoordinateRules/.Cases[g,HoldPattern[VertexCoordinateRules->_],2];
  sub=Flatten[Position[verts,_?(MemberQ[hl,#]&)]];
  coords=coords[[sub]];     
  Show[Graphics[{OptionValue[HighlightColor],CapForm["Round"],JoinForm["Round"],Thickness[OptionValue[HighlightThickness]],Line[AppendTo[coords,First[coords]]],Polygon[coords]}],g]
]
Protect[HighlightColor,HighlightThickness];
Options[GraphPlotHighlight]=Join[Options[GraphPlot],{HighlightColor->LightBlue,HighlightThickness->.15}];

Some of the code above could be made a little more robust, but it works:

GraphPlotHighlight[{b->c,a->b,c->a,e->c},{b,c,e},VertexLabeling->True,HighlightColor->LightRed,HighlightThickness->.1,VertexRenderingFunction -> ({White, EdgeForm[Black], Disk[#, .06], 
Black, Text[#2, #1]} &)]

---

EDIT #1:
A cleaned up version of this code can be found at http://gist.github.com/663438

EDIT #2:
As discussed in the comments below, the pattern that my edges must match is a list of edge rules with optional labels. This is slightly less general than what is used by the GraphPlot function (and by the version in the above gist) where the edge rules are also allowed to be wrapped in a Tooltip.

To find the exact pattern used by GraphPlot I repeatedly used Unprotect[fn];ClearAttributes[fn,ReadProtected];Information[fn] where fn is the object of interest until I found that it used the following (cleaned up) function:

Network`GraphPlot`RuleListGraphQ[x_] := 
  ListQ[x] && Length[x] > 0 && 
    And@@Map[Head[#1] === Rule 
         || (ListQ[#1] && Length[#1] == 2 && Head[#1[[1]]] === Rule) 
         || (Head[#1] === Tooltip && Length[#1] == 2 && Head[#1[[1]]] === Rule)&, 
      x, {1}]

I think that my edges:{((_ -> _) | (List|Tooltip)[_ -> _, _])..} pattern is equivalent and more concise…