Question

I’m creating my first class, mainly guided by Overland’s C++ Without Fear. I’ve made the overloaded friend ostream operator<<, which works fine. I’ve also overloaded the * operator, and that works fine. What doesn’t work is when I try to output the result of the * operator directly:

BCD bcd(10);  //bcd is initialised to 10 BCD bcd2(15); //bcd2 is initialised to 15 cout << bcd;  //prints 10 bcd2 = bcd2 * 2; //multiplies bcd2 by 2 cout << bcd2; //prints 30  cout << bcd * 2 //SHOULD print 20, but compiler says //main.cpp:49: error: no match for 'operator<<' in 'std::cout << BCD::operator*(int)(2)' 

For info, here are my prototypes:

BCD operator*(int z); friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, BCD &bcd); 

As far as I can tell, operator* returns a BCD, so operator<< should be able to print it. Help please!

Answer 1

What’s happening is that bcd * 2 is generating a temporary BCD, which cannot bind to a BCD &. Try replacing the << operator with one of these:

friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const BCD &bcd); 

or

friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, BCD bcd); 

or even

friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const BCD bcd); 

The first one works, since binding a temporary variable to a constant reference is explicity allowed, unlike binding to a non-const reference. The other ones work by making a copy of the temporary variable.

Edit: As noted in the comments – prefer the const & version in most cases, since modifying an object in a streaming operator will be surprising to anyone using your class. Getting this to compile may require adding const declarations to your classes member function where appropriate.