Question

I’m currently working on a game and I wish to have a main menu with background image.

However, I find the method Graphics.DrawImage() really slow. I have made some measurement. Let’s assume that MenuBackground is my resource image with resolution 800 x 1200 pixels. I will draw it onto another 800 x 1200 bitmap (I render everything to a buffer bitmap first, then I scale it and finally draw it onto screen – that’s how I deal with the possibility of multiple players’ resolutions. But it shouldn’t affect it in any way, see the next paragraph).

So I’ve measured the following code:

Stopwatch SW = new Stopwatch();
SW.Start();

// First let's render background image into original-sized bitmap:

OriginalRenderGraphics.DrawImage(Properties.Resources.MenuBackground,
   new Rectangle(0, 0, Globals.OriginalScreenWidth, Globals.OriginalScreenHeight));

SW.Stop();
System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show(SW.ElapsedMilliseconds + " milliseconds");

The result is quiet surprising to me – the Stopwatch measures something between 40 - 50 milliseconds. And because the background image is not the only thing to be drawn, the whole menu takes about over 100 ms to display, which implicates observable lag.

I have tried to draw it to Graphics object given by Paint event, but the result was 30 - 40 milliseconds – not much changed.

So, does it mean, that Graphics.DrawImage() is unusable for drawing bigger images? If so, what should I do to improve the performance of my game?

Answer 1

Yes, it is too slow.

I ran into this problem several years ago while developing Paint.NET (right from the start, actually, and it was rather frustrating!). Rendering performance was abysmal, as it was always proportional to the size of the bitmap and not the size of the area that it was told to redraw. That is, framerate went down as the size of the bitmap went up, and framerate never went up as the size of the invalid/redraw area went down when implementing OnPaint() and calling Graphics.DrawImage(). A small bitmap, say 800×600, always worked fine, but larger images (e.g. 2400×1800) were very slow. (You can assume, for the preceding paragraph anyway, that nothing extra was going on, such as scaling with some expensive Bicubic filter, which would have adversely affected performance.)

It is possible to force WinForms into using GDI instead of GDI+ and avoid even the creation of a Graphics object behind the scenes, at which point you can layer another rendering toolkit on top of that (e.g. Direct2D). However, it’s not simple. I do this in Paint.NET, and you can see what’s required by using something like Reflector on the class called GdiPaintControl in the SystemLayer DLL, but for what you’re doing I’d consider it a last resort.

However, the bitmap size you’re using (800×1200) should still work OK enough in GDI+ without having to resort to advanced interop, unless you’re targeting something as low as a 300MHz Pentium II. Here are some tips that might help out:

• If you are using an opaque bitmap (no alpha/transparency) in the call to Graphics.DrawImage(), and especially if it’s a 32-bit bitmap with an alpha channel (but you know it’s opaque, or you don’t care), then set Graphics.CompositingMode to CompositingMode.SourceCopy before calling DrawImage() (be sure to set it back to the original value after, otherwise regular drawing primitives will look very ugly). This skips a lot of extra blending math per-pixel.
• Make sure Graphics.InterpolationMode isn’t set to something like InterpolationMode.HighQualityBicubic. Using NearestNeighbor will be the fastest, although if there’s any stretching it may not look very good (unless it’s stretching by exactly 2x, 3x, 4x, etc.) Bilinear is usually a good compromise. You should never use anything but NearestNeighbor if the bitmap size matches the area you’re drawing to, in pixels.
• Always draw into the Graphics object given to you in OnPaint().
• Always do your drawing in OnPaint. If you need to redraw an area, call Invalidate(). If you need the drawing to happen right now, call Update() after Invalidate(). This is a reasonable approach since WM_PAINT messages (which results in a call to OnPaint()) are "low priority" messages. Any other processing by the window manager will be done first, and thus you could end up with lots of frame skipping and hitching otherwise.
• Using a System.Windows.Forms.Timer as a framerate/tick timer won’t work very well. These are implemented using Win32’s SetTimer and result in WM_TIMER messages which then result in the Timer.Tick event being raised, and WM_TIMER is another low priority message which is sent only when the message queue is empty. You’re better off using System.Threading.Timer and then using Control.Invoke() (to make sure you’re on the right thread!) and calling Control.Update().
• In general, do not use Control.CreateGraphics(). (corollary to ‘always draw in OnPaint()‘ and ‘always use the Graphics given to you by OnPaint()‘)
• I recommend not using the Paint event handler. Instead, implement OnPaint() in the class you’re writing which should be derived from Control. Deriving from another class, e.g. PictureBox or UserControl, will either not add any value for you or will add additional overhead. (BTW PictureBox is often misunderstood. You will probably almost never want to use it.)

Hope that helps.