Question

I’m quite new to Scala programming language, and was trying something out stucked in my mind while I was following the lecture notes at here.

I think I couldn’t really understand how cons operator works, here are some things I tried:

I’ve created a pseudo-random number generator, then tried to create a list of one random value:

scala> val gen = new java.util.Random
gen: java.util.Random = java.util.Random@1b27332

scala> gen nextInt 3 :: Nil
<console>:7: error: type mismatch;
 found   : List[Int]
 required: Int
       gen nextInt 3 :: Nil
                     ^

But it tried to pass List(3) to nextnt method. When i used paratheses, there was no problem

scala> (gen nextInt 3) :: Nil
res69: List[Int] = List(1)

I was curious about the execution order, so i created a function to check it

scala> def pr(i:Int):Int = { println(i); i }
pr: (i: Int)Int

scala> pr(1) :: pr(2) :: pr(3) :: Nil
1
2
3
res71: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3)

As seen in outputs, execution order is the same as the order of appearance. Then I thought it might be about the ‘nextInt’ function, then I tried following:

scala> 1 + 2 :: Nil
res72: List[Int] = List(3)

It first executed addition, and after that cons is executed. So here is the question: What is the difference between gen nextInt 3 :: Nil and 1 + 2 :: Nil?

Answer 1

There are two things of concern here: precedence and fixity. As sepp2k mentioned, this question on Stack Overflow explains the precedence, thought the rules, as quoted, are not complete enough, and there were very small changes from Scala 2.7 to Scala 2.8. Differences concern mostly operators ending in =, though.

As for fixity, almost everything in Scala is read left to right, which is what programmers are used to. In Scala, however, operators ending in : are read right to left.

Take, then, this example:

1 + 2 :: Nil

First, precedence. What has most precedence, + or :? According to the table, + has precedence over :, so the addition is done first. Therefore, the expression is equal to this:

((1).+(2)) :: Nil

Now there’s no precedence conflict, but since :: ends in :, it has a diferent fixity. It is read right to left, therefore:

Nil.::((1).+(2))

On the other hand, in this:

gen nextInt 3 :: Nil

The operator :: has precedence over nextInt, because : has precedence over all letters. Therefore, and remembering its fixity, it becomes:

gen nextInt Nil.::(3)

Which then becomes

gen.nextInt(Nil.::(3))

At which point the error is obvious.

PS: I’m writing (1).+(2) instead of 1.+(2) because, at the time of this writing, 1. is interpreted as a double number, making 1.+(2) an infix expression adding the double 1.0 to 2. This syntax is deprecated as of Scala 2.10.0, and will probably not be present on Scala 2.11.