Question

I’m trying to download a binary file using XMLHttpRequest (using a recent Webkit) and base64-encode its contents using this simple function:

function getBinary(file){
    var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();  
    xhr.open("GET", file, false);  
    xhr.overrideMimeType("text/plain; charset=x-user-defined");  
    xhr.send(null);
    return xhr.responseText;
}

function base64encode(binary) {
    return btoa(unescape(encodeURIComponent(binary)));
}

var binary = getBinary('http://some.tld/sample.pdf');
var base64encoded = base64encode(binary);

As a side note, everything above is standard Javascript stuff, including btoa() and encodeURIComponent(): https://developer.mozilla.org/en/DOM/window.btoa

This works pretty smoothly, and I can even decode the base64 contents using Javascript:

function base64decode(base64) {
    return decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(base64)));
}

var decodedBinary = base64decode(base64encoded);
decodedBinary === binary // true

Now, I want to decode the base64-encoded contents using Python which consume some JSON string to get the base64encoded string value. Naively this is what I do:

import urllib
import base64
# ... retrieving of base64 encoded string through JSON
base64 = "77+9UE5HDQ……………oaCgA="
source_contents = urllib.unquote(base64.b64decode(base64))
destination_file = open(destination, 'wb')
destination_file.write(source_contents)
destination_file.close()

But the resulting file is invalid, looks like the operation’s messaed up with UTF-8, encoding or something which is still unclear to me.

If I try to decode UTF-8 contents before putting them in the destination file, an error is raised:

import urllib
import base64
# ... retrieving of base64 encoded string through JSON
base64 = "77+9UE5HDQ……………oaCgA="
source_contents = urllib.unquote(base64.b64decode(base64)).decode('utf-8')
destination_file = open(destination, 'wb')
destination_file.write(source_contents)
destination_file.close()

$ python test.py
// ...
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\ufffd' in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)

As a side note, here’s a screenshot of two textual representations of a same file; on left: the original; on right: the one created from the base64-decoded string: http://cl.ly/0U3G34110z3c132O2e2x

Is there a known trick to circumvent these problems with encoding when attempting to recreating the file? How would you achieve this yourself?

Any help or hint much appreciated 🙂

Answer 1

So I’m answering to myself — and sorry for that — but I think it might be useful for someone as lost as I was 😉

So you have to use ArrayBuffer and set the responseType property of your XMLHttpRequest object instance to arraybuffer for retrieving a native array of Bytes, which can be converted to base64 using the following convenient function (found there, author may be blessed here):

function base64ArrayBuffer(arrayBuffer) {
  var base64    = ''
  var encodings = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/'

  var bytes         = new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer)
  var byteLength    = bytes.byteLength
  var byteRemainder = byteLength % 3
  var mainLength    = byteLength - byteRemainder

  var a, b, c, d
  var chunk

  // Main loop deals with bytes in chunks of 3
  for (var i = 0; i < mainLength; i = i + 3) {
    // Combine the three bytes into a single integer
    chunk = (bytes[i] << 16) | (bytes[i + 1] << 8) | bytes[i + 2]

    // Use bitmasks to extract 6-bit segments from the triplet
    a = (chunk & 16515072) >> 18 // 16515072 = (2^6 - 1) << 18
    b = (chunk & 258048)   >> 12 // 258048   = (2^6 - 1) << 12
    c = (chunk & 4032)     >>  6 // 4032     = (2^6 - 1) << 6
    d = chunk & 63               // 63       = 2^6 - 1

    // Convert the raw binary segments to the appropriate ASCII encoding
    base64 += encodings[a] + encodings[b] + encodings[c] + encodings[d]
  }

  // Deal with the remaining bytes and padding
  if (byteRemainder == 1) {
    chunk = bytes[mainLength]

    a = (chunk & 252) >> 2 // 252 = (2^6 - 1) << 2

    // Set the 4 least significant bits to zero
    b = (chunk & 3)   << 4 // 3   = 2^2 - 1

    base64 += encodings[a] + encodings[b] + '=='
  } else if (byteRemainder == 2) {
    chunk = (bytes[mainLength] << 8) | bytes[mainLength + 1]

    a = (chunk & 64512) >> 10 // 64512 = (2^6 - 1) << 10
    b = (chunk & 1008)  >>  4 // 1008  = (2^6 - 1) << 4

    // Set the 2 least significant bits to zero
    c = (chunk & 15)    <<  2 // 15    = 2^4 - 1

    base64 += encodings[a] + encodings[b] + encodings[c] + '='
  }

  return base64
}

So here’s a working code:

var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('GET', 'http://some.tld/favicon.png', false);
xhr.responseType = 'arraybuffer';
xhr.onload = function(e) {
    console.log(base64ArrayBuffer(e.currentTarget.response));
};
xhr.send();

This will log a valid base64 encoded string representing the binary file contents.

Edit: For older browsers not having access to ArrayBuffer and having btoa() failing on encoding characters, here’s another way to get a base64 encoded version of any binary:

function getBinary(file){
    var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    xhr.open("GET", file, false);
    xhr.overrideMimeType("text/plain; charset=x-user-defined");
    xhr.send(null);
    return xhr.responseText;
}

function base64Encode(str) {
    var CHARS = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
    var out = "", i = 0, len = str.length, c1, c2, c3;
    while (i < len) {
        c1 = str.charCodeAt(i++) & 0xff;
        if (i == len) {
            out += CHARS.charAt(c1 >> 2);
            out += CHARS.charAt((c1 & 0x3) << 4);
            out += "==";
            break;
        }
        c2 = str.charCodeAt(i++);
        if (i == len) {
            out += CHARS.charAt(c1 >> 2);
            out += CHARS.charAt(((c1 & 0x3)<< 4) | ((c2 & 0xF0) >> 4));
            out += CHARS.charAt((c2 & 0xF) << 2);
            out += "=";
            break;
        }
        c3 = str.charCodeAt(i++);
        out += CHARS.charAt(c1 >> 2);
        out += CHARS.charAt(((c1 & 0x3) << 4) | ((c2 & 0xF0) >> 4));
        out += CHARS.charAt(((c2 & 0xF) << 2) | ((c3 & 0xC0) >> 6));
        out += CHARS.charAt(c3 & 0x3F);
    }
    return out;
}

console.log(base64Encode(getBinary('http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')));

Hope this helps others as it did for me.