Question

I’m trying to extend some ‘base’ classes in Python:

class xlist (list):     def len(self):         return len(self)      def add(self, *args):         self.extend(args)         return None   class xint (int):     def add(self, value):         self += value         return self   x = xlist([1,2,3]) print x.len()   ## >>> 3 ok print x         ## >>> [1,2,3] ok x.add (4, 5, 6) print x         ## >>> [1,2,3,4,5,6] ok  x = xint(10) print x         ## >>> 10 ok x.add (2) print x         ## >>> 10  # Not ok (#1)  print type(x)         ## >>> <class '__main__.xint'> ok x += 5 print type(x)         ## >>> <type 'int'>  # Not ok (#2) 

It works fine in the list case because the append method modifies the object ‘in place’, without returning it. But in the int case, the add method doesn’t modify the value of the external x variable. I suppose that’s fine in the sense that self is a local variable in the add method of the class, but this is preventing me from modifying the initial value assigned to the instance of the class.

Is it possible to extend a class this way or should I define a class property with the base type and map all the needed methods to this property?

Answer 1

int is a value type, so each time you do an assignment, (e.g. both instances of += above), it doesn’t modify the object you have on the heap, but replaces the reference with one of the result of the right hand side of the assignment (i.e. an int)

list isn’t a value type, so it isn’t bound by the same rules.

this page has more details on the differences: The Python Language Reference – 3. Data model

IMO, yes, you should define a new class that keeps an int as an instance variable