Question

I’m trying to implement the times() function in C programming.

I’m using the struct tms structure which consists of the fields: tms_utime, tms_cutime,
tms_stime and tms_cstime.

In order to implement the times() function in my program, I do:

1. Before I fork and create a child, I call the times function (in the parent process).

   times(&start_tms);
   

2. I create a pipe and I pass the times of start structure to the pipe when I’m in the child process.
3. The child executes a simple ls -l command

4. When the child finishes he execution, the father calls for the second time the times() function.

   times(&end_tms);
   

   Unfortunately, the times of end_tms are all zero! Weird, but I don’t know why.

Some things I don’t understand in my program are:

1) In the first printfs the times of the struct start are negative. Why is that?
2) When I run the program, why do I get zeros for times? What am i doing wrong?

My program is as follows:

Thanks, in advance

---

#include <sys/times.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>

int main() {

printf("test\n");

int     fd[2]; //two pointers
int nbytes;
char    string[] = "Hello, world!\n";
char    readbuffer[80];
struct tms start_tms;
struct tms end_tms;
clock_t start, end;
double cpu_time_used;

pipe(fd);

//once we have established the pipeline we fork the child
pid_t   childpid;
pid_t pid_waitpid;

//NEW MODIFICATION!!! call times before fork()!!!
times(&start_tms);

//they return negative values, but why???
printf("Test start_tms.tms_utime = %f\n\n",start_tms.tms_utime);
printf("Test start_tms.tms_cutime = %f\n\n",start_tms.tms_cutime);
printf("Test start_tms.tms_stime = %f\n\n",start_tms.tms_stime);


if((childpid = fork()) == -1)
            {
                    perror("fork");
                    exit(1);
            }

if(childpid == 0)
            {

                    /* Child process closes up input side of pipe */
                     close(fd[0]);

                   /* call times function */ 
                   /*times(&start_tms);*/


                      //REMOVED!!!!
                    //write(fd[1], string, (strlen(string)+1));
                    write(fd[1], &start_tms.tms_cutime, sizeof(clock_t));
                    write(fd[1], &start_tms.tms_utime, sizeof(clock_t));
                    write(fd[1], &start_tms.tms_stime, sizeof(clock_t));

                     //execute /bin/ls
                    execl("/bin/ls", "/bin/ls", "-r", "-t", "-l", (char *) 0);

                    exit(0);


            }
else
            {
                    /* Parent process closes up output side of pipe */
                    close(fd[1]);

                    /* NEW MODIFICATION, wait for the child!!! */
                     if( (pid_waitpid  = waitpid(childpid,NULL,0) ) == -1)
                    {
                             perror("waitpid");
                             exit(1);
                     }



                    /* call times for capturing end times */
                    times(&end_tms);

                    /* define t1, t2, variables */
                    clock_t t1,t2,t3;


                     //REMOVED!!!!
                    //nbytes = read(fd[0], readbuffer, sizeof(readbuffer));
                    read(fd[0], &t1, sizeof(clock_t));
                    read(fd[0], &t2, sizeof(clock_t));
                    read(fd[0], &t3, sizeof(clock_t));

                    printf("Received string: %s\n\n", readbuffer);
                    printf("Test t1 = %f\n\n",t1);
                    printf("Test end_tms.tms_utime = %f\n\n",end_tms.tms_utime);
                    printf("Test end_tms.tms_cutime = %f\n\n",end_tms.tms_cutime);
                    printf("Test end_tms.tms_stime = %f\n\n",end_tms.tms_stime);

                    /* Calculate times, unfortunately return zero, but why??? */
                    double cpu_time = end_tms.tms_cutime - t1;
                    double utime = end_tms.tms_utime - t2;
                    double stime = end_tms.tms_stime - t3;

                    //Unfortunately printfs return zero, but why???
                    printf("cpu time %f\n\n",cpu_time);
                    printf("cpu Utime %f\n\n",utime);
                    printf("cpu Stime %f\n\n",stime);


}

}

Answer 1

Your logic is very strange. The writes you do in the child simply copy data that is already available to the parent in start_tms, so your whole pipe read/write thing is unnecessary.

Secondly, clock_t is not a floating point type, it’s an integral type. You can’t use %f to print it. Use %jd and intmax_t to be safe in the printfs.

And you’re missing #include <sys/wait.h> for waitpid. So turn on your compiler warnings, and read them.

Here’s a C99 version of your code that works here:

#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/times.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

int main() {
    struct tms start_tms;
    struct tms end_tms;

    //once we have established the pipeline we fork the child
    pid_t   childpid;

    times(&start_tms);

    printf("Test start_tms.tms_utime = %jd\n\n",  (intmax_t)start_tms.tms_utime);
    printf("Test start_tms.tms_cutime = %jd\n\n", (intmax_t)start_tms.tms_cutime);
    printf("Test start_tms.tms_stime = %jd\n\n",  (intmax_t)start_tms.tms_stime);
    printf("Test start_tms.tms_cstime = %jd\n\n",  (intmax_t)start_tms.tms_cstime);


    if((childpid = fork()) == -1)
    {
        perror("fork");
        exit(1);
    }

    if(childpid == 0)
    {
        //execute /bin/ls
        execl("/bin/ls", "/bin/ls", "-R", "-t", "-l", (char *) 0);
        exit(0);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Parent process */

        /* NEW MODIFICATION, wait for the child!!! */
        if (waitpid(childpid,NULL,0) == -1)
        {
            perror("waitpid");
            exit(1);
        }

        /* call times for capturing end times */
        times(&end_tms);

        printf("Test end_tms.tms_utime = %jd\n\n",end_tms.tms_utime);
        printf("Test end_tms.tms_cutime = %jd\n\n",end_tms.tms_cutime);
        printf("Test end_tms.tms_stime = %jd\n\n",end_tms.tms_stime);
        printf("Test end_tms.tms_cstime = %jd\n\n",end_tms.tms_cstime);

        /* Calculate times, unfortunately return zero, but why??? */
        clock_t cpu_time = end_tms.tms_cutime - start_tms.tms_cutime;
        clock_t utime = end_tms.tms_utime - start_tms.tms_utime;
        clock_t stime = end_tms.tms_stime - start_tms.tms_stime;
        clock_t cstime = end_tms.tms_cstime - start_tms.tms_cstime;

        //Unfortunately printfs return zero, but why???
        printf("cpu time %jd\n\n",  (intmax_t)cpu_time);
        printf("cpu Utime %jd\n\n", (intmax_t)utime);
        printf("cpu Stime %jd\n\n", (intmax_t)stime);
        printf("cpu CStime %jd\n\n", (intmax_t)cstime);
    }
}

If you don’t have intmax_t, check the size of clock_t on your implementation and find a standard integer type that matches it, and use the appropriate format string in your printf calls.