Imagine a user sitting at an Ethernet-connected PC. He has a browser open. He types ‘www.google.com’ in the address bar and hits enter.
Now tell me what the first packet to appear on the Ethernet is.
I found this question here: Interview Questions on Socket Programming and Multi-Threading
As I’m not a networking expert, I’d like to hear the answer (I’d assume it is ‘It depends’ 😉 ).
With a tool like Wireshark, I can obviously check my own computers behaviour. I’d like to know whether the packets I see (e.g. ARP, DNS, VRRP) are the same in each ethernet configuration (is it dependent on the OS? the driver? the browser even :)?) and which are the conditions in which they appear. Being on the data-link layer, is it maybe even dependent on the physical network (connected to a hub/switch/router)?
The answers that talk about using ARP to find the DNS server are generally wrong.
In particular, IP address resolution for off-net IP addresses is never done using ARP, and it’s not the router’s responsibility to answer such an ARP query.
Off-net routing is done by the client machine knowing which IP addresses are on the local subnets to which it is connected. If the requested IP address is not local, then the client machine refers to its routing table to find out which gateway to send the packet to.
Hence in most circumstances the first packet sent out will be an ARP request to find the MAC address of the default gateway, if it’s not already in the ARP cache.
Only then can it send the DNS query via the gateway. In this case the packet is sent with the DNS server’s IP address in the IP destination field, but with the gateway’s MAC address on the ethernet packet.