In both XCode and the iPhone Configuration Utility, there is a Provisioning Profiles item that shows at most 2 devices in a provisioning profile. It also says “8 other devices”.
- What are those devices?
Is there any convenient way to find out what those other 8 are (without going back to the provisioning portal?)

Just open the .mobileprovision file in a text editor. You will see all the UDIDs under ProvisionedDevices key.