Question

In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a class or module at runtime, As a beginner its really difficult to me understand this term in context of python. Can anybody explain to me with a real world example How exactly we do ?

1. dynamic modifications of a class
2. dynamic modifications of module at runtime

I am insisting a real world example (as simple as possible) to understand in which scenarios we have to do such task ?

Answer 1

Monkey-patching is a way to make some global under-the-hood change in a way that existing code will continue to run, but with modified behavior.

A really really trivial example of changing the behavior of the builtin str command:

b.py

def foo(msg):
    s = str(msg)
    print s, type(s)

a.py

import b

b.foo('foo')

# monkey-patch 
import __builtin__
__builtin__.str = unicode

b.foo('foo')

# Results:
#foo <type 'str'>
#foo <type 'unicode'>

The a module has modified the behavior of other code using the str command, by patching it to use unicode instead. This would be necessary since we pretend that we have no access to b.py‘s code. It could have been a huge package that we simply use and can’t change. But we can slip in new code to be called that changes the behavior.

A real world example from gevent

>>> import gevent
>>> from gevent import socket
>>> urls = ['www.google.com', 'www.example.com', 'www.python.org']
>>> jobs = [gevent.spawn(socket.gethostbyname, url) for url in urls]
>>> gevent.joinall(jobs, timeout=2)
>>> [job.value for job in jobs]
['74.125.79.106', '208.77.188.166', '82.94.164.162']  

The example above used gevent.socket for socket operations. If the
standard socket module was used it would took it 3 times longer to
complete because the DNS requests would be sequential. Using the
standard socket module inside greenlets makes gevent rather pointless,
so what about module and packages that are built on top of socket?

That’s what monkey patching for. The functions in gevent.monkey
carefully replace functions and classes in the standard socket module
with their cooperative counterparts. That way even the modules that
are unaware of gevent can benefit from running in multi-greenlet
environment.

>>> from gevent import monkey; monkey.patch_socket()
>>> import urllib2 # it's usable from multiple greenlets now